Historical Lesson: Ranging In

By Robert Kelly

This is the second installment of the Gospel According to Saint Barbara. Saint Barbara is the patron saint of artillerymen and those who work with explosives. My first instalment dealt with bringing guns into action and the use of those red and white aiming posts, which can be found here.

In Flames of War all you have to know about ranging in on a target is that you have to have guns available, an observer with eyes on the target and that you have to roll dice. In real life it was a bit more complicated than that, but not much. Having served 18 years in the Royal Canadian Artillery I’ll explain how the Commonwealth artillery would have ranged in, but the same principles apply to other countries as well.

Using ruins for bulletproof cover (and chair) in Sicily

Artillery Forward Observation Officers (FOO) perform other duties besides directing fire onto targets, in fact their sergeant or corporal (known as a bombardier in the commonwealth) assistants are probably better at it than they are. Their main duty is as an advisor and fire support coordinator to the infantry company or armoured squadron commander (supported arms commanders). This would include artillery, mortars, anti-tank guns, naval gunfire and air defense. In the Commonwealth armies the FOO’s are experienced captains, not second lieutenants, so their advice is well received by the company commander. 

The other job is to report tactical information back to higher artillery headquarters. In fact, when not engaged in fire missions, FOO’s are constantly providing tactical information about the battle. This information goes to the battery command post (CP) and battery commander, which in turns passes it to the regimental (battalion) CP. 

Now, if the FOO is the adviser to the company/squadron commander, then the battery commander is the adviser/coordinator for the infantry battalion or armored regiment (battalion) commander. The battery CP is at the gun position, but the battery commander is with the supported arms commander. The tactical information is then passed on to the artillery regiment CP which is located at Brigade HQ. As you can see it is a very fast and efficient method of sending tactical information up the line. In fact, many commanders at brigade HQ will listen in on the “Gunner Net” to get the most up to date information. The Battery Commander also ensures that the entire battlefield within his boundaries is covered by the eyes of his FOOs (and mortar fire controllers).

In battle the company commanders will usually want the FOO right beside him to give advice on fire support and to point out targets that he wants taken care of. FOO’s like to be in a position to observe the entire battlefield. Now these two locations are rarely one in the same so it is something that has to be worked out between the two of them. This is where radios come in handy and the FOO has the option of splitting his party, the FOO going with the company commander and his assistant going to a place of observation. The FOO will always ensure that the battery CP knows his location at all times, this is for tactical purposes, safety and for the technical part of conducting a fire mission.

Photo of a US OP for all you US guys, because we all know that the Americans won the war! 

In the Commonwealth artillery, the FOO’s always order fire, they don’t need to request. A FOO is always authorized to fire his own troop (four guns) or battery (eight guns). Should he wish to fire the regiment, he will have to be authorized. As part of an operation, the FOO’s on that operation would become authorized to fire the guns of the regiment or higher for a fixed period of time during an operation. Even when not part of an operation a FOO may fire the regiment or higher based on the target and would get authorized after the mission has commenced.

Let's get on with the nitty gritty of engaging targets. When the FOO orders a fire mission he must provide the battery CP with some information. He must identify himself, give a warning order (including number of guns he wants – either battery, regiment, division or higher or all available), give the target location, target altitude, his direction to the target, the type of engagement, the trajectory, ammunition, distribution of fire, whether wait for the FOOs command to fire, and whether to adjust (range in) or go into fire for effect. The warning order is merely something like “fire mission battery”, causing lots of scurrying on the gun position. 

The location of target is usually given as a grid reference from a map, but can also be referenced from a known location. The altitude of the target should be given as well so that the CP doesn't have to look it up on their map while trying to compute everything else. The direction is the bearing from the FOO to the target. The CP needs to know this so that they plot the corrections from the FOO’s point of view, not the guns. A description of target is very important both for tactical information and to assist in engaging the target with the right procedure and ammunition. 

Type of engagement refers to the different type of technical missions such as danger close missions. There are only two types of trajectory, normal which is under 45 degrees and high angle which is over 45 degrees. Only howitzers are capable or firing over 45 degrees and they need the warning to start digging recoil pits for the guns. The guns need to know the ammunition so that they can get it prepared. 

Distribution of fire describes how we want the rounds to land. You can either give all guns the same bearing and elevation or you can give them individual data to have the rounds land in the same spot or along a line. The FOO can order “At My Command” so that he controls the moment of firing. He would then order “adjust fire” (in FOW ranging in) or order the guns to “fire for effect” if they had the data to successfully hit the target.

 

Cdn 25lbrs bracket and silence a German Nebelwerfer position in Flames of War

(note the Aiming Posts)

If the FOO has given the guns the grid reference to the target why would they have to adjust? These days the artillery uses GPS to come up with accurate grid references. In WW2 they had to rely on the map reading skills of the soldiers. Surveyors could be brought in to accurately fix the location of the guns, but it was not always practical. By plotting the location of the target and the location of the guns on a map with a grease pencil, it was impossible to get closer than 100 metres accuracy at each end. Even if you had the precise locations of the target and the guns there are always other non-standard conditions which will affect the accuracy of the guns. The firing tables for guns are based on things like a standard air temperature, altitude, air pressure, temperature of the propellant, wind, barrel wear and standard ammunition weight amongst other things. Of course these standard conditions will rarely if ever occur and this will affect where the round will land.

A fully manned Canadian forward observation post in Italy.

To account for these non-standard conditions, we will fire a round down range and adjust onto the target using the target grid procedure. You hope that the first round down range will actually be visible to you and not lost in woods or in dead ground. If the FOO is having trouble seeing the first round he has some options. He might give a bold correction to get it out in the open and then adjust from there, adjust with air-burst ammunition, use smoke, adjust with two guns, use a delay setting on the fuse which burrows into the ground for .05 seconds before exploding (sending up more dirt) 

Let's assume you can see your first round. You would then give a left or right correction to get it in line with you and the target. With experience and with a good command of the ground you might couple it with an add or drop correction, the idea being that if you have a round in front of the target, you want to get the next round behind the target. You then continue to“bracket” the target by giving corrections that are half of your previous correction. You will continue the “bracketing”until you are on the target and you will then go into one round of fire for effect to see how the fall of shot from the entire battery looks. Once you get a good look at the coverage from the entire battery you may want to give a small correction and go into fire for effect, which would bring a much greater fall of shot.

The diagram below is taken from “US Army Field Manual 17-19, Scout Platoon”. It illustrates the bracketing procedure.  In this example the first round landed on the Observer to Target line (OT line). This usually doesn’t happen, but a left or right correction can get into onto that line. Once its on that line, the bracketing procedure will commence.

There is a very quick way of adjusting rounds onto a target that works well if you are very familiar with the ground. From a point of ground that is known to the guns (either a pre-recorded target, a grid reference or from the last round fired, you can merely give a correction using cardinal points, (north, south, east or west) coupled with a distance and then another set of cardinal points to move it another way. For example, “North 200, West 100”. These coordinates would be in relation to how the gun sees it, so you have to be confident in your calculations and in your ability to read the ground.

When conducting a shoot, call signs are dropped after the order “fire mission” is sent to speed up the mission. All other traffic on the net is ceased, but the artillery has other nets for non shooting traffic. All transmissions are read back to ensure that the receiver has gotten the correct data or information.

At the end of the mission, target results and tactical information is sent to the battery command post, which in turns passes it up the artillery chain of command.

The next installment will discuss types of artillery ammunition and the different types of missions.

For further reading I would suggest George Blackburn’s trilogy.

“Where the Hell are the Guns”,

“The Guns of Normandy” and “The Guns of Victory”.

“The Gunners of Canada – The History of the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, Volume II 1919-1967” by G.W.L. Nicholson. As these are Canadian books, you may not have heard of them, but they are excellent.

In fact I took over Mr. Blackburn’s job as a FOO in the Second Ottawa Field Battery, though almost 40 years later.